Revision $Id: ftimes-dig-extract-jpg-from-tar.txt,v 1.1 2006/07/27 23:53:47 klm Exp $ Purpose This recipe demonstrates a technique for extracting JPEG images from an arbitrary pile of bits. We will use a tar ball as our pile of bits. While tar balls aren't very good at being an arbitrary pile of bits, their makeup is sufficient to demonstrate the technique. The other reason for using a tar ball is that it will be easy for you to independently verify the results -- simply untar the tar ball and examine its contents. Motivation This recipe grew out of the need to have a generic way to carve structured data from a pile of bits (e.g., disk image, core file, or flash image). While this recipe focuses on JPEG images, the concepts will also work for other data types. Requirements UNIX platform with FTimes (3.7.0 or higher) and Perl installed. Other required utilities include cp, find, sed, tar, uudecode, and xv. Also, its a good idea to have a hex editor/viewer (e.g., bvi or hexdump) on hand. Time to Implement Running through the provided steps should only take a few minutes. However, you should plan on spending about 30-60 minutes digesting the concept/technique. Solution 1. Extract (FTimesImages.tar.uu) from this recipe (Appendix 1), and put it in /tmp. $ sed -e '1,/^--- FTimesImages.tar.uu ---$/d; /^--- FTimesImages.tar.uu ---$/,$d' ftimes-dig-extract-jpg-from-tar.txt > FTimesImages.tar.uu $ cp FTimesImages.tar.uu /tmp Then, uudecode it. $ uudecode FTimesImages.tar.uu If you don't have uudecode on your system, try the following: $ perl -ne 'next if (/^begin/); last if (/^end/); chomp; print unpack("u",$_);' < FTimesImages.tar.uu > FTimesImages.tar At this point, you should be ready to begin the extraction process. 2. Use FTimes to search for the beginning of each JPEG image. JPEGs begin with the following sequence of bytes (0x?? means the byte value is variable): 0xff 0xd8 0x?? 0x?? 0x?? 0x?? 0x4a 0x46 0x49 0x46 When translated to an FTimes dig string, the above sequence looks like this: (?s)(\xff\xd8....JFIF) Note: This is a regular expression dig string. The command used to execute the search and the corresponding results are shown here: $ cd /tmp $ echo "DigStringRegExp=(?s)(\xff\xd8....JFIF) sof.jpeg" | ftimes --digauto - -l 6 FTimesImages.tar name|type|tag|offset|string "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|1024|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|10752|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|20480|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|30208|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF The results suggest that there are 4 images in the tar ball. An alternate way to confirm this is to examine the contents of the tar ball as follows: $ tar -tvf FTimesImages.tar drwxr-xr-x root/wheel 0 Jul 27 22:44 2006 FTimesImages/ -rw-r--r-- root/wheel 9025 Jul 27 22:44 2006 FTimesImages/FTimes4.jpg -rw-r--r-- root/wheel 8774 Jul 27 22:44 2006 FTimesImages/FTimes3.jpg -rw-r--r-- root/wheel 8863 Jul 27 22:44 2006 FTimesImages/FTimes2.jpg -rw-r--r-- root/wheel 8213 Jul 27 22:44 2006 FTimesImages/FTimes1.jpg So far, so good... 3. Now, search for the end of each JPEG image. JPEGs end with the following sequence of bytes: 0xff 0xd9 When translated to an FTimes dig string, the above sequence looks like this: %ff%d9 The command used to execute the search and the corresponding results are shown here: $ echo "DigStringNormal=%ff%d9 eof.jpeg" | ftimes --digauto - -l 6 FTimesImages.tar name|type|tag|offset|string "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|10047|%ff%d9 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|19524|%ff%d9 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|29341|%ff%d9 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|38419|%ff%d9 Again, the results suggest that there are 4 images in the tar ball. 4. At this point, you need to confirm that the JPEG beginning and ending byte sequences are in the proper relative order. This can be done by manually merging the results from steps 2 and 3, or you can simply run the following command: $ ( echo "DigStringRegExp=(?s)(\xff\xd8....JFIF) sof.jpeg" ; echo "DigStringNormal=%ff%d9 eof.jpeg" ) | ftimes --digauto - -l 6 FTimesImages.tar | sed '1d' | sort -n -t\| -k 4 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|1024|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|10047|%ff%d9 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|10752|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|19524|%ff%d9 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|20480|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|29341|%ff%d9 "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|regexp|sof.jpeg|30208|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|normal|eof.jpeg|38419|%ff%d9 Things are still looking good -- i.e., every end sequence follows a corresponding begin sequence, and there is no overlap in the offsets. Note: The sort tacked on to the end of the above command is required to ensure proper ordering of the output. FTimes dig output is not guaranteed to be in ascending offset order. 5. The final step is to extract the all data between beginning and ending byte sequences for each image. Fortunately, this is easily done using ftimes-dig2ctx.pl. The command line shown below uses ftimes to locate each beginning byte sequence, and it uses ftimes-dig2ctx.pl to carve out everything up to the next ending byte sequence. To ensure that each image is extracted in full, you can use a context length that is greater than or equal to the size of the largest image, which is 9,025 bytes. Since the tar ball is not very big, we'll just use its size (40,960 bytes) as our context length. To trim away the extra context from each extracted image, we'll specify a right-hand boundary that is equal to the end byte sequence. $ echo "DigStringRegExp=(?s)(\xff\xd8....JFIF) sof.jpeg" | ftimes --digauto - -l 6 FTimesImages.tar | ftimes-dig2ctx.pl -e file -c 40960 -p 0 -R -r "\xff\xd9" -f - ftimes-dig2ctx.pl: LineNumber='2' URLFilename='/tmp/FTimesImages.tar' Offset='1024' Error='Wanted 40960 bytes, got 39936.' "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|1024|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF|1024|0|10|39926|digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.1024_0_10 ftimes-dig2ctx.pl: LineNumber='3' URLFilename='/tmp/FTimesImages.tar' Offset='10752' Error='Wanted 40960 bytes, got 30208.' "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|10752|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF|10752|0|10|30198|digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.10752_0_10 ftimes-dig2ctx.pl: LineNumber='4' URLFilename='/tmp/FTimesImages.tar' Offset='20480' Error='Wanted 40960 bytes, got 20480.' "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|20480|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF|20480|0|10|20470|digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.20480_0_10 ftimes-dig2ctx.pl: LineNumber='5' URLFilename='/tmp/FTimesImages.tar' Offset='30208' Error='Wanted 40960 bytes, got 10752.' "/tmp/FTimesImages.tar"|30208|%ff%d8%ff%e0%00%10JFIF|30208|0|10|10742|digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.30208_0_10 Note: The above warnings are a result of requesting a context size that is greater than the amount of data left in the file. Note: The man page for ftimes-dig2ctx.pl is available by running the following command: $ perldoc ftimes-dig2ctx.pl If everything worked properly, you should have a new directory called digtree, and it should have the following files: $ find digtree -ls 761870 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 klm wheel 512 Jul 27 23:15 digtree 761876 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 klm wheel 512 Jul 27 23:15 digtree/tmp 761877 20 -rw-r--r-- 1 klm wheel 9025 Jul 27 23:15 digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.1024_0_10 761878 20 -rw-r--r-- 1 klm wheel 8774 Jul 27 23:15 digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.10752_0_10 761879 20 -rw-r--r-- 1 klm wheel 8863 Jul 27 23:15 digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.20480_0_10 761880 20 -rw-r--r-- 1 klm wheel 8213 Jul 27 23:15 digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.30208_0_10 Calculate SHA1 and MD5 hashes for these files, and compare them to the hashes of the actual files: $ ftimes --mapauto none+size+sha1+md5 -l 6 digtree name|size|sha1|md5 "/tmp/digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.1024_0_10"|9025|45d40f0d6f55f580c3015125fa05634a5661427a|446685f94a89410ce0da16c76b547c5d "/tmp/digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.10752_0_10"|8774|b5c12ab426409be7710ea8eaf4a6b3a1de3937f0|8dcdb64d5dd6763c0fc470e8b2b7c8fc "/tmp/digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.20480_0_10"|8863|afb958a25e72b1aa8d2bc544bccb69531f5236a8|1321ee19a99d1fc250cded5e2ca0a721 "/tmp/digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.30208_0_10"|8213|e24427b572719139f1e1d79c0560b3324e74adf8|8f85c01d051c49ad8c3753981dc7765f "/tmp/digtree/tmp"|512|DIRECTORY|DIRECTORY "/tmp/digtree"|512|DIRECTORY|DIRECTORY $ tar -xf FTimesImages.tar $ ftimes --mapauto none+size+sha1+md5 -l 6 FTimesImages name|size|sha1|md5 "/tmp/FTimesImages/FTimes4.jpg"|9025|45d40f0d6f55f580c3015125fa05634a5661427a|446685f94a89410ce0da16c76b547c5d "/tmp/FTimesImages/FTimes3.jpg"|8774|b5c12ab426409be7710ea8eaf4a6b3a1de3937f0|8dcdb64d5dd6763c0fc470e8b2b7c8fc "/tmp/FTimesImages/FTimes2.jpg"|8863|afb958a25e72b1aa8d2bc544bccb69531f5236a8|1321ee19a99d1fc250cded5e2ca0a721 "/tmp/FTimesImages/FTimes1.jpg"|8213|e24427b572719139f1e1d79c0560b3324e74adf8|8f85c01d051c49ad8c3753981dc7765f "/tmp/FTimesImages"|512|DIRECTORY|DIRECTORY Everything checks out... 6. All that remains to do is to perform a visual check. This can be done using a web browser or an image viewer such as xv. $ xv /tmp/digtree/tmp/FTimesImages.tar.* /tmp/FTimesImages/FTimes?.jpg w00p! There it is... Closing Remarks This recipe has not been ported to Windows, but there's no reason why it couldn't work -- especially, if you have Cygwin utilities. Not all data types have well-known beginning and ending sequences, but most structured data types do have a well-known beginning sequence (think file magic). Thus if you can specify the beginning sequence and you have a good idea of maximum file size, you could still use this technique. Some data types are self-terminating. This implies that you can get away with taking more context because the utilities that process the files will ignore any data that extends beyond the real end of file. This technique will not work on fragmented blocks of data -- i.e., all data to be carved must be sequential and uninterrupted. This technique, as presented, will not work with JPEG images that contain thumbnails. With a little more work, it can be done, but that is left as an excercise for you. :) Credits This recipe was brought to you by Klayton Monroe. References FTimes is available here: http://ftimes.sourceforge.net/FTimes/ JPEG File Information: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/ http://www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/part1/ http://www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/part2/ Appendix 1 --- FTimesImages.tar.uu --- begin 644 FTimesImages.tar M1E1I;65S26UA9V5S+P`````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M`````````````#`P-#`W-34`,#`P,#$T-``P,#`P,30T`#`P,#`P,#`P,#`P M`#$P-#8R,C0P-S(V`#`Q,C$P,``@-0`````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M``````````````````````````````````````````!U'EZ@X2%AH>( MB8J2DY25EI>8F9JBHZ2EIJ>HJ:JRL[2UMK>XN;K"P\3%QL?(R;GZ.GJ\?+S]/7V]_CY^O_$`!\!``,!`0$!`0$!`0$````````! 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